Delivering Global Property Fraud Asset Recovery Assistance

 Botswana –
Predominantly Tribal Land under Customary Tenure, administered by Land Boards for local communities.

Cameroon –
Extensive Customary and Community Land tenure, particularly in rural and forest areas, recognized alongside statutory land.

Ghana –
About 80% of land held under Customary Tenure by traditional authorities, families, and stools/skins.

Kenya –
Community and Trust Lands governed by customary law, often managed through County Governments and traditional councils.

Malawi –
Customary Land held by communities under chiefs’ authority, now recognized under the Customary Land Act.

Morocco –
Collective and Tribal Lands (Terres Collectives) governed by traditional community structures and partially recognized by the state.

Namibia –
Communal Lands under Customary Tenure, allocated by traditional authorities but held in trust by the state.

South Africa –
Customary and Communal Lands include Ingonyama Trust Land in KwaZulu-Natal and other traditional authority areas.

Tanzania –
Village Land system based on Customary Tenure, managed by Village Councils with legal recognition under the Village Land Act.

Uganda –
Customary Tenure recognized under national law, with land often held collectively by clans and families.

Zambia –
Customary Land covering most rural areas, administered by chiefs and recognized by the Land Act.

Zimbabwe –
Communal Lands under Customary Law, traditionally allocated and managed by village heads and chiefs.

Canada –
Indian Reserves, Aboriginal Title Lands, and Indigenous Territories recognized under federal and provincial law.

United States –
Tribal Trust Lands and Indian Reservations held communally under federal authority.

Mexico –
Ejido (communal agricultural land), Indigenous Community Lands, and Ancestral Territories managed through local governance systems.

Belize –
Maya Customary Lands recognized through court rulings and traditional community management.

Guatemala –
Maya Communal and Ancestral Lands protected under customary law and national frameworks.

Nicaragua –
Indigenous and Afro-descendant Communal Lands recognized under the Autonomy Law for the Caribbean Coast.

Panama –
Comarcas (autonomous Indigenous regions) established for Guna, Emberá, and Ngäbe-Buglé peoples.

Colombia –
Resguardos Indígenas (Indigenous Reserves) and Afro-descendant Communal Lands constitutionally protected.

Ecuador –
TCO/TIOC lands and Comunidades Nativas under collective Indigenous tenure.

Peru –
Comunidades Nativas and Campesinas owning collective territories recognized by law.

Bolivia –
TCO/TIOC (Tierras Comunitarias de Origen) designated as Indigenous communal territories.

Brazil –
Terra Indígena (Indigenous Lands) and Quilombola lands for Afro-Brazilian communities constitutionally protected.

Chile –
Indigenous and Ancestral Territories recognized for Mapuche and other Indigenous groups.

Argentina –
Indigenous Community Lands and Ancestral Territories recognized under the national Constitution (Art. 75).

Paraguay –
Indigenous Communal Territories and Ancestral Lands held by recognized Indigenous peoples.

Bangladesh –
Ancestral and tribal lands recognized in hill and forest regions under customary systems.

India –
Scheduled and Tribal Areas, forest and community lands protected under the Forest Rights Act (2006).

Nepal –
Traditional Kipat (communal lands) and Indigenous territories governed by local customary law.

Pakistan –
Tribal and community lands in northern and western regions managed through customary tenure.

Sri Lanka –
Historic Veddah Indigenous territories and forest-based customary land practices.

Malaysia –
Malay Reserve Land, Hutan Adat (Customary Forests), and Customary Community Lands under Indigenous customary law.

Indonesia –
Hutan Adat (Customary Forests) and Ancestral Lands formally recognized for Indigenous communities.

Philippines –
Ancestral Domains (Indigenous Peoples’ Lands) protected by the Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act (IPRA).

Mongolia –
Pastoral customary tenure and community-managed rangelands supporting nomadic livelihoods.

Papua New Guinea –
About 97% of land under Customary Tenure, owned by clans and governed by traditional systems.

Solomon Islands –
Predominantly Customary Land, held collectively under clan and community authority.

Vanuatu –
All land constitutionally belongs to Indigenous custom owners and descendants.

Samoa –
Around 80% of land is Customary, held by extended families and village councils.

Fiji –
91% of land classified as Native (iTaukei), communally owned under the iTaukei Land Trust Board.

Tonga –
Customary and Noble Lands held under hereditary title within the traditional land system.

Norway –
Traditional Sámi Lands recognized under the Finnmark Act (2005), granting shared management and protection of Sámi customary rights.

Sweden –
Sámi Reindeer Herding Areas recognized; the Girjas case (2020) upheld Sámi rights to hunting and fishing.

Finland –
Sámi customary land use in Lapland acknowledged for herding and fishing, though land ownership remains unresolved.

Denmark (Greenland) –
All land publicly owned under Home Rule; Kalaallit Inuit hold collective rights to traditional use and resource areas.

Australia –
Aboriginal Land Rights and Native Title Lands recognized under national laws, affirming Traditional Owners’ ancestral ties.

New Zealand (Aotearoa) –
Māori Customary and Freehold Lands protected under the Te Ture Whenua Māori Act 1993.

Papua New Guinea –
Around 97% of land held under Customary Tenure, owned and managed by clans.

Fiji –
About 91% of land is Native (iTaukei), communally owned and administered by the iTaukei Land Trust Board.

Samoa –
Nearly 80% of land is Customary, held by families (aiga) and governed by matai councils.

Vanuatu –
Constitutionally, all land belongs to Indigenous custom owners and descendants.

Solomon Islands –
Mostly Customary and Clan-based Lands, managed collectively under traditional authority.

Morocco –
Extensive Amazigh collective lands (Terres Collectives / Sulaliyyate) managed by tribal councils; 2019 reforms expanded women’s rights.

Algeria –
Amazigh customary tenure persists in Kabylie and Aurès regions alongside state-controlled land systems.

Egypt –
Waqf (Islamic endowment) lands coexist with state and private holdings; Bedouin customary tenure remains strong in Sinai and desert areas.

Jordan –
Tribal and Bedouin lands continue under customary systems; Waqf and revived Himā models support communal use.

Saudi Arabia –
Traditional tribal tenure has declined under state ownership; Himā reserves reintroduced for community land management.

Turkey –
Mix of state and communal lands; historic Waqf and Alevi properties persist, with customary practices in Kurdish regions.

Scale of the Crisis
Across the world, Indigenous Peoples and local communities collectively hold up to 65% of all land, forming the foundation of global biodiversity, cultural heritage, and sustainable resource management.
Yet, only about 10% of this land is legally recognized as rightfully theirs.

This leaves nearly 40% of the Earth’s surface — over 5 billion hectares — exposed to illegal land deals, fraudulent sales, and corporate land grabs, often carried out through corruption, weak legal systems, and deceptive investment schemes.

The result is a growing global crisis of dispossession, environmental devastation, and cultural erasure, targeting some of the world’s oldest and most vulnerable communities.

RECOMMENDATIONS TO COMBAT LAND SCAMS 

 1. Legal Recognition –
Accelerate the formal titling, registration, and demarcation of Indigenous and customary lands to secure rightful ownership.

2. Documentation –
Support comprehensive mapping and digital documentation of Indigenous territories to prevent forgery and illegal sales.

3. Enforcement –
Strengthen law enforcement and judicial mechanisms to investigate and prosecute fraudulent land transactions.

4. Corporate Accountability –
Mandate due diligence and transparency across corporate and investment supply chains to eliminate links to land grabbing or exploitation.

5. Class Actions –
Enable collective legal actions by victims and landowners to pursue compensation, restitution, and justice for financial and property violations.

Community Empowerment and International Oversight

Community Empowerment –
Strengthen and fund Indigenous-led conservation and land stewardship, ensuring communities have full authority over their ancestral territories and resources.

International Oversight –
Enhance UNESCO and UN monitoring of protected and Indigenous areas, with a focus on enforcing accountability, exposing treaty violations, and addressing historical and ongoing land theft.

The systematic dispossession of Indigenous lands through fraudulent schemes is a global human rights and environmental crisis.
It demands urgent, coordinated action from governments, corporations, and civil society to restore justice, uphold treaties, and safeguard the planet’s shared heritage.

 Full legal recognition.

 Stronger international cooperation.

 Transparent land governance systems.

 Direct partnership with Indigenous leaders and communities 

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